Description:
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On:
http://us3.php.net/manual/en/function.mysql-real-escape-string.php

The documentation says: "mysql_real_escape_string() calls MySQL's library function mysql_real_escape_string, which prepends backslashes to the following characters: \x00, \n, \r, \, ', " and \x1a."

This implies that "\x00" (1 char) escapes to "\\x00" (4 chars).

This is not accurate, it should say "which escapes the following characters", because there are 2 cases where it doesn't just prepend a slash.  For null and CTRL-Z, it turns "\x00" into '\0' and "\x1a" into '\Z'.  If it didn't, it would be vulnerable to buffer overflow.

The mysql C API documentation says, to allocate a buffer of input_length*2+1, implying that each escaped char can only ever escape to a max of 2 chars.
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/4.1/en/mysql-real-escape-string.html

Test script:
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$db  = mysql_connect($host, $user, $pass) or die("err: " . mysql_error());
mysql_select_db($dbname, $db) or die("err: " . mysql_error());
$a = mysql_real_escape_string("\x00\n\r\"'\x1a");
echo $a;

Expected result:
----------------
//expected, based on current documentation:
\x00\n\r\"\'\x1a

Actual result:
--------------
//actual:
\0\n\r\"\'\Z