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I'm getting the exact same error with the exact same setup (Apache 2.2.3 and PHP 5.2.0) While I'm unable to do a backtrace, I was able to find this in the error.log generated by Apache:

[Wed Dec 06 08:43:01 2006] [notice] Apache/2.2.3 (Win32) PHP/5.2.0 configured -- resuming normal operations
[Wed Dec 06 08:43:01 2006] [notice] Server built: Jul 27 2006 16:49:49
[Wed Dec 06 08:43:01 2006] [notice] Parent: Created child process 168
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_exif.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_ifx.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_oci8.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_pdo_oci.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_pdo_oci8.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_pspell.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_sybase_ct.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_ibm_db2.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_imagick.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_ingres.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_netools.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_oracle.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_svn.dll' - The specified module could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Warning:  PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'C:\\PHP\\ext\\php_yaz.dll' - The specified procedure could not be found.\r\n in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ELEMENT_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_TEXT_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_CDATA_SECTION_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ENTITY_REF_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ENTITY_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_PI_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_COMMENT_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_DOCUMENT_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_NOTATION_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_DTD_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ELEMENT_DECL_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_DECL_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ENTITY_DECL_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_NAMESPACE_DECL_NODE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_LOCAL_NAMESPACE already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_CDATA already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_ID already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_IDREF already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_IDREFS already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_ENTITY already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_NMTOKEN already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_NMTOKENS already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_ENUMERATION already defined in Unknown on line 0
PHP Notice:  Constant XML_ATTRIBUTE_NOTATION already defined in Unknown on line 0
[Wed Dec 06 08:43:02 2006] [notice] Child 168: Child process is running
[Wed Dec 06 08:43:02 2006] [notice] Child 168: Acquired the start mutex.
[Wed Dec 06 08:43:02 2006] [notice] Child 168: Starting 250 worker threads.
[Wed Dec 06 08:43:02 2006] [notice] Child 168: Starting thread to listen on port 80.

All of the 'missing' modules are, in fact, there. Hopefully someone else here understands more about this than I do.

Follow-up:
Repairing the install of PHP (via running php-5.2.0-win32-installer.msi) did not work. I uninstalled PHP altogether. Upon reinstallation there is an error that stops the installation. This happens every time and I remember it happening before as well. If you acknowledge the error and run the setup file again, and then choose "repair", it completes the install successfully.

Upon reinstalling PHP5 it still crashes out the same way. This is frustrating because I set the machine up yesterday and it worked just fine. I shut it down, went home for the day, and upon returning to start some basic development it crashes. Hopefully this information helps!

Hi...
Maybe i have the answer for our problems.
I change the ../../PHP/php5apache2.dll to ../../PHP/php5apache2_2.dll and the error doesn?t appear again. I?m still testing, and everything it?s seems ok.
Hug.

swummer, would you mind clarifying that a little? My current install uses php5apache2_2.dll as the default file name. I've gone ahead and changed it to php5apache2.dll, updated my httpd.conf, and restarted the server. I still have the same issues no matter how it is named.

I had EXACTLY the same issue. Same error when installing PHP, etc. 

When I went to uninstall I noticed thaat I had TWO versions of PHP installed... 4.3 and 5.2. 

I uninstalled both and then reinstalled PHP 5.2 and everything worked sweet. 

BUT I also ONLY installed the MySQL extension the second time around so was the answer having two versions installed or was it one of the extensions?

This bug appeared next to impossible to workaround. However, after several hours, I found that the following sequence of actions removed the error. I assume W2K3, PHP52 and MySql50.

1) Install using the wizard, set option for integrating in Apache 2.2, do NOT set any extensions.

2) Restart Apache and test its stability

3) Run the wizard again. Now install ONE/TWO extension(s), only "MySql" and/or "MySqli".

4) Manually edit php.ini (in c:\program files\php). Change the line with the ext-dir to (including quotes):
extension_dir="C:\Program Files\PHP\ext"

5) Uncomment the line with php_mysql.dll

6) Restart Apache and test (careful, gently, php may crash again!)

It worked for me. Any other sequence of actions, including installing some other extensions, crashed it. Selecting all extensions always crashed Apache in php5ts.dll (I consider it a severe bug, because it php actually crashes its host Apache, which is evil).

You should disable the following module (php.ini):
;extension=php_threads.dll
After that the Apache won't.

p.s. php 5.2.5, apache 2.2.6.

Guys, after hours of investigations I finally found the reason - old 
DLLs in system32 - so just copy all DLLs from your latest PHP 
distribution into system32 - they'll overwrite the potentially old ones. 
These olds were present from earlier dances with old PHP versions.

Regards, hope this helps, too easy.

DLL mess. no bug > bogus.